This post is a part of our Bioethics in the News series. For more information, click here.
By Kayte Spector-Bagdady, J.D., M.Bioethics
“This is me, my DNA. It helps make me who I am…I might have an increased risk of heart disease, arthritis, gallstones, hemochromatosis…hundreds of things about my health. Getting my 23andMe results, it really opened my eyes. The more you know about your DNA, the more you know about yourself. I do things a little differently now…”
On November 22, 2013, 23andMe (the leading direct-to-consumer (DTC) genetic testing company), received a “Warning Letter” from FDA—a first for the DTC genetic testing industry. In this letter, FDA requested that 23andMe discontinue marketing its personal genome service until further authorization and end its TV campaign excerpted above (now the YouTube video is marked “private”). 23andMe’s official FDA response might not be public, but on December 5, 2013, 23andMe did announce publicly that it was going to stop selling new customers its DTC health-related genetic test. Unlike, for example, an X-ray, “DTC” tests are those available directly to purchasers, like a pregnancy test. While there are many benefits to having certain diagnostic tests available directly to consumers without a trained intermediary, there are also concerns about giving laypersons medical information without specific guidance from a healthcare practitioner.
This is not the DTC genetic testing industry’s first tango with the U.S. federal government. In 2006 the Government Accountability Office (GAO) released a report on nutrigenetic testing which found that companies were selling $1,200/year vitamins (actually worth $35/year in a local drug store) to “fix” DNA. In 2010 a GAO investigator was advised by an industry representative that her BRCA mutation, associated with an increased risk of breast cancer, meant that she was “in the high risk of pretty much getting” the disease (GAO did not reveal company identities for either of its reports).
In fact, just a few years ago, nearly thirty DTC companies offered 400 discrete genetic tests—until Pathway Genomics announced in 2010 that it was going to start offering its previously web-based product in Walgreens across the country. This got the attention of FDA, which eventually sent 23 “Untitled Letters” (for a violation not quite as significant as those triggering a “Warning Letter”) stating that these products were in fact medical devices and had to receive FDA clearance or approval. Soon thereafter many DTC genetic testing companies either altered their model by requiring a physician order or collapsed entirely—leaving 23andMe to dominate the industry.
In 2007, 23andMe offered thirteen health reports for $999. As of December 2, 2013, 23andMe offered over 250 health reports for $99—including reports regarding a higher risk for Alzheimer’s Disease to whether your cilantro will taste soapy—all in a colorful box promising “Welcome to you.”
As of today, for the same $99, 23andMe is selling an analysis of your ancestral origins and lineage and “raw genetic data” “without 23andMe’s interpretation” but have suspended their health-related genetic information service “to comply with [FDA’s] directive to discontinue new consumer access during our regulatory review process.”
FDA’s jurisdiction hinges on whether the 23andMe’s product can appropriately be considered a medical device under the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. There has been a lot of interesting debate in the tweetisblogosphere regarding whether 23andMe is marketing their test as their terms of service state, for “research and educational use only,” or, as the TV adds promised, to tell you “hundreds of things about your health” so you can do things “a little differently.” But another possible consequence of 23andMe canceling their health analysis is the unintended encouragement of a new DTC genetic industry—one providing genetic medical information only.
Last year, Gene By Gene started the trend by offering consumers genomic sequencing only: a raw data file of As, Ts, Cs, and Gs without any interpretation. Think this. But, for the majority of consumers, raw sequence data services require a parallel offering of interpretation-only services to provide a marketable product.
FDA has stated that it’s not interested in regulating raw genomic data as a medical device, but entities that provide genomic interpretation (see, e.g., openSNP) can reveal more sensitive medical information about an individual’s propensity to develop disease and pharmacogenomic information about the efficacy of particular drugs given a particular genetic makeup—which places these services squarely within FDA’s area of interest. 23andMe has always offered customers their raw data as part of its package, but it’s the genetic risk and drug responses (i.e., analyzed information) that FDA cited as concerning in its letter.
But just as FDA begins to seriously grapple with the DTC genetic testing industry, open-source, web-based platforms that interpret genomic data free of charge are going to pose further challenges to the limits of FDA’s ability to regulate (potentially non-commercial) speech, and effectively utilize enforcement mechanisms made for tangible money-making products on information and open-sourced platforms.
The interpretation of FDA’s Warning Letter may be clear, but the future of DTC genetic testing might instead lie in how you interpret the letters “A, T, C, and G.”
(Still interested? Read more on the topic from me and my co-author Lizzy Pike here).
References:
Letter from Alberto Gutierrez, Dir., Office of In vitro Diagnostics and Radiological Health, Ctr. for Devices & Radiological Health, Food & Drug Admin., U.S. Dep’t of Health & Human Services, to Ann[e] Wojcicki, C.E.O., 23andMe, Inc. (Nov. 22, 2013).
U.S. Gov’t Accountability Office, GAO-06-977T, Nutrigenic Testing: Tests Purchased from Four Web Sites Misled Consumers, Testimony Before the S. Special Comm. on Aging (July 27, 2006).
U.S. Gov’t Accountability Office, Highlights of GAO-10-847T, Direct-to-Consumer Genetic Tests: Misleading Results are Further Complicated by Deceptive Marketing and Other Questionable Practices (July 22, 2010).
Kayte Spector-Bagdady, J.D., M.Bioethics, is Associate Director at the Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues where she managed the Commission’s reports on Privacy and Progress in Whole Genome Sequencing and Anticipate and Communicate: Ethical Management of Incidental and Secondary Findings in the Clinical, Research, and Direct-to-Consumer Contexts.*
Join the discussion! Your comments and responses to this commentary are welcomed. The author will not, unfortunately be able to respond to all comments, but will read input with interest. With your participation, we hope to create discussions rich with insights from diverse perspectives. You must provide your name and email address to leave a comment. Your email address will not be made public.
* The findings and conclusions in this blog are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues or the Department of Health and Human Services. Use of official trade names does not mean or imply official support or endorsement by the author.
MSU Bioethics 
The practice of medicine is composed of three fundamental endeavors. The first two are shared with the other learned professions (law and the clergy): primarily to provide wise counsel and advocacy to one’s own patrons, always in their individual best interest; and secondarily to conduct, regulate, promulgate and defend the profession for the public good. The third, which is specific to medicine, is to diagnose and, when appropriate, treat illnesses and injuries.
Today, a woman may obtain a mammogram without a physician’s order, but a medical interpretation of that image requires a licensed physician, establishing a doctor patient relationship and imparting certain obligations on both parties. It seems to me that there is no better example of personal and private property than one’s own genome, and restricting one from looking at it will prove as difficult as restricting one from looking at oneself in a mirror. However, medically interpreting genetic information is clearly practicing medicine and under current law should require a licensed physician, establishing a doctor patient relationship and imparting certain obligations on both parties.
Thank you.